Article Theology in the Fourth Gospel

The last chapter of the Fourth Gospel (excluding the redactional 21^st chapter) provides critical readers with a fine example of “prominence” in Greek grammar. The English word “the” is perhaps the most ubiquitous, rivaled only by “a.” But in Greek, this little article plays a role in the foundation of our understanding of the entire grammatical system.

The example here is the issue of prominence, meaning the character or subject which the author wants to bring to the foreground of the narrative. In John 20 for example, the author uses the article to establish prominence for the character of Jesus. The primary example of this is at the end of the chapter. When Jesus is present with his disciples, or is the person speaking, his name appears with the article, rendered literally as “the Jesus.” But when Jesus is not present in the narrative the author chooses not to employ the article. Another example of this can be found in verse 2. Speaking of Jesus in past time, the author does not include the article, as Jesus is not prominent at this point in the narrative.

The only exception to this rule serves as a window to view the author’s theology and literary prowess. In verse 15 when Jesus does speak, according to this idea, there should be an article with his name. However, at this point in the narrative, Mary’s eyes had not been opened to Jesus yet; from her perspective, he is still merely the gardener, and hence not a prominent character. Only after Mary realizes that the man is Jesus does the article appear again with his name when he speaks in verse 17. Let us marvel at the artistry by which the author has constructed his theology, that even the word “the” can serve to advance his theological ideas.